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History of
Evolutionary Theory, Part Three
Where did this idea come from?
Source: The Evolution Cruncher
1949 to Present
Chinese Communism (1949-). When the communists took control of
China in 1949, the first new text introduced into all the schools was
neither Marxist nor Leninist, but Darwinian. Chinese communist leaders
eagerly grasped evolutionary theory as a basic foundation for their
ideology. The government established the Paleontological Institute in
Beijing, with a large staff of paleontologists.
Sir Julian S. Huxley (1887-1975). Grandson of Darwin’s "bulldog"
(Thomas Huxley), Julian Huxley was the leading spokesman for evolution by
natural selection in the mid-20th century. Upon being named the first
director-general of UNESCO, he was able to make evolution the keystone of
United Nations scientific policy. He saw it as his opportunity to extend
evolutionary thinking to the nations of the world, and he made the most of
it (Julian Huxley, UNESCO pamphlet).
Piltdown Skull Debunked (1953). This piece of skull and separate
jaw was the only clear evidence that man was descended from an apelike
creature. In 1953, Kenneth Oakley (British Museum geologist), Joseph
Weiner (Oxford University anthropologist), and Le Gros Clark (anatomy
professor at Oxford) managed to get their hands on the Piltdown skull and
jaw--and proved it a total forgery. The newly developed fluorine test
revealed the bones to be quite recent. Additional research showed the
bones had been stained with bichromate, to make them appear aged.
Drillings into the bone produced shavings instead of powder. The canine
tooth was found to have been filed and stained. Weiner published a book
about the Piltdown forgery in 1955 (William L. Straus, Jr., "The Great
Piltdown Hoax," Science, February 26, 1954; Robert Silverberg, Scientists
and Scoundrels: A Book of Hoaxes, 1965).
Amino Acid Synthesis (1953). When Stanley Miller produced a few
amino acids from chemicals, amid a continuous small sparking apparatus,
newspaper headlines proclaimed: "Life has been created!" But evolutionists
hid the truth: The experiment had disproved the possibility that evolution
could occur.
The amino acids were totally dead, and the experiment only proved that a
synthetic production of them would result in equal amounts of left- and
right-handed amino acids. Since only left-handed ones exist in animals,
accidental production could never produce a living creature (R. Milner,
Encyclopedia of Evolution, 1990, p. 274).
Discovery of DNA (1953). Rosiland Franklin took some special
photographs which were used in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson
(without giving her credit), to develop the astounding helix model of the
DNA molecule. DNA has crushed the hopes of biological evolutionists, for
it provides clear evidence that every species is locked into its own
coding pattern. It would be impossible for one species to change into
another, since the genes network together so closely. It is a combination
lock, and it is shut tight. Only sub-species variations can occur
(varieties in plants, and breeds in animals). This is done through gene
shuffling (A.I. Oparin, Life: Its Nature, Origin and Development, 1961, p.
31; Hubert P. Yockey, "A Calculation of Probability of Spontaneous
Biogenesis by Information Theory," Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol.
67, 1977, p. 398).
The odds of accidentally producing the correct DNA code in a species or
changing it into another viable species are mathematically impossible (J
Leslie, "Cosmology, Probability, and the Need to Explain Life," in
Scientific American and Understanding, pp. 53, 64-65; E. Ambrose, Nature
and Origin of the Biological World, 1982, p. 135).
Five Polls about Evolution
(1954).
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The general public supports the
teaching of creation in public schools, not just evolution, by a massive
majority of 86% to 8% (AP-NBC News poll).
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A national poll of attorneys agree
(56% to 26%) and find dual instruction constitutional (63% to 26%,
American Bar Association-commissioned poll).
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A majority of university students
at two secular colleges also agree (80% at Ohio State, 56% at Oberlin,
Fuerst, Zimmerman).
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Two-thirds of public school board
members agree (67% to 25%, American School Board Journal poll).
-
A substantial minority of public
school teacher favor creation over evolution (Austin Analytical
Consulting poll; source: W.R. Bird, Origin of Species Revisited, 1954,
p. 8).
Courville’s Research (1956).
After 15 years of careful research, Donovan A. Courville, a Loma Linda
University biochemist, published an important book, Exodus Problem and Its
Ramifications. Courville correlated ancient Egyptian and Bible events and
dates, providing us with one of the best ancient chronologies available.
He showed that Manetho’s king-list overlapped, resulting in a major
reduction in the duration of Egypt’s dynastic history and a placement of
its first double-ruler dynasty at around 2150 B.C. This study, along with
others reviewed in chapter 21, "Archaeological Dating," shows that
archaeological dating does correlate closely with Bible history.
Thompson’s Attack on Darwin (1956). W.R. Thompson, a leading
evolutionary scientist, was asked to write the Introduction to the 1956
reprint edition of Darwin’s Origin of the Species. In it, Thompson
scathingly attacked Darwin’s theories on every essential point as
worthless (W.R. Thompson, Introduction to Charles Darwin, Origin of the
Species, 1956 edition).
Children’s Books (1958). While evolutionists secretly recognize
that their theory is falling through the floor, to the gullible public it
is praised more and more as the scientifically proven answer to the
mystery of life and matter. In 1958, the Wonderful Egg was published and
immediately recommended by the American Association for the Advancement of
Science as a worthwhile science guide for little children. Two major NEA
affiliates (the American Council on Education and the Association for
Childhood Education International) gave it their highest recommendation.
The book tells about a mother dinosaur who laid a "wonderful egg" which
hatched into a baby bird--"the first baby bird in the whole world! And the
baby bird grew up . . with feathers . . the first beautiful bird that ever
sang a song high in the tree tops . . of long, long ago" (quoted in H.
Morris and G. Parker, What is Creation Science? p. 148).
Geoscience Research Institute (1958). This creationist
organization, now located in Loma Linda, California, was organized
specifically to carry on research work, in the area of creationism, and
produce educational materials for scientists and science teachers.
Darwinian Centennial Celebration (1959). As the year 1959
approached, evolutionists saw it as a splendid opportunity to ballyhoo the
glories of evolutionary theory. As the 100th anniversary of Darwin’s
Origin of the Species approached, a flood of books and articles appeared.
The largest meeting was held at the University of Chicago, where Julian
Huxley gave the keynote address, focusing his attention on a triumphant,
total repudiation of God.
The same year, two major books attacking evolutionary theory in great
detail were released: The first was Gertrude Himmelfarb’s Darwin and the
Darwinian Revolution. Holding a doctorate from the University of Chicago,
her book was a powerful exposé on the havoc the theory has wrought on the
modern world. The second in-depth book was by Jacques Barzun, history
professor and dean of the Graduate Faculties at Columbia University. His
book, Darwin, Marx, Wagner, declared that evolutionary theory was directly
responsible for European wars from 1870 to 1945.
Biological Sciences Curriculum (1959). Another significant event
that year was the establishment of a standardized Biological Sciences
Curriculum Study (BSCS) for public secondary schools. The stated objective
was the teaching of evolution, sex education, racial problems, and the
need for legalizing abortion (A.B. Grobman, Biological Science: An Inquiry
into Life, p. xv). BSCS quickly received a $7 million grant from the
National Science Foundation, to develop this new series.
Shortly afterward, a second major textbook revision project, Man: A Course
of Study, was given $7 million by the National Science Foundation. It was
filled with humanism and morally objectionable interpretations of personal
and social life.
Revolt in France (early 1960s). A large number of French biologists
and taxonomists (species classification experts) rebelled against the
chains of the evolutionary creed and declared that they would continue
their research, but would no longer try to prove evolution, which they
considered an impossible theory. Taxonomists who joined the revolt took
the name "cladists" (Z. Litynski, "Should We Burn Darwin?" in Science
Digest, Vol. 51, January 1961, p. 61).
First Quasar Discovered (1962). Telescopes found a mysterious
object, which was named 3C273, which had a spectrum that was
unintelligible. This peculiar object radiated most strongly in the far
blue and ultraviolet fringes of the visible spectrum. It was a total
mystery until February 1963, when Jesse Schmidt recognized that the
problem was that it had a radical 16% shift toward the red. If the speed
theory of redshift, promoted by evolutionists, was correct,--that meant
the object was moving away from us at 16% of the speed of light--and was a
massive 3 billion light-years from earth!
As more – and apparently "faster" – quasars were discovered, the situation
kept worsening. Ultimately, their existence debunked the evolutionist’s
speed theory of redshift. Yet the redshift and background radiation were
the only two "evidences" of an earlier Big Bang! For example, in 1977, a
quasar was found which, according to the redshift theory, was moving
faster (eight times faster) than the speed of light!
Creation Research Society (1963). This important creation research
organization was founded by doctoral scientists, with the express purpose
of conducting research into creation-evolution topics and publishing
regular reports on them. Its reports have been of a high scientific
caliber.
Background Radiation (1965). Using a sensitive radio astronomy
telescope, A.A. Penzias and R.W. Wilson (researchers at Bell
Laboratories), discovered low-energy microwave radiation coming from outer
space. Big Bang theorists immediately claimed that this proved the Big
Bang! They said it was the last part of the explosion. But further
research disclosed that it came from every direction instead of only one;
that it was the wrong temperature; and that it was too even. Even
discoveries in the 1990s have failed to show that this radiation is
"lumpy" enough (their term) to have produced stars and planets.
Steady State Universe Theory Abandoned (1965). Fred Hoyle abandoned
the steady state theory entirely in a public announcement at a meeting of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He listed five
scientific reasons why it was impossible (Nature, October 9, 1965, p.
113).
The Switzerland Meeting (1965). It was not until the 1960s that the
neo-Darwinists (those who had given up on natural selection and believed
that mutations were the mechanism of cross-species change) began fighting
with one another in earnest. At this meeting of mathematicians and
biologists, mathematical doubts were raised about the possibility of
evolution having occurred. At the end of several hours of heated
discussion, it was decided to hold another meeting the next year.
The Wistar Institute Symposium (1966). A milestone meeting was the
four-day Wistar Institute Symposium, held in Philadelphia in April 1966. A
number of mathematicians, familiar with biological problems, spoke--and
clearly refuted neo-Darwinism in several ways. An important factor was
that large computers were by this time able to work out immense
calculations--showing that evolution could not possibly occur, even over a
period of billions of years, given the complexities of DNA, protein, the
cell, enzymes, and other factors.
We will cite one example here: Murray Eden of MIT explained that life
could not begin by "random selection." He noted that, if randomness is
removed, only "design" would remain,--and that required purposive planning
by an Intelligence. He showed that it would be impossible for even a
single ordered pair of genes to be produced by DNA mutations in the
bacteria, E. Coli (which has very little DNA), with 5 billion years in
which to produce it. Eden then showed the mathematical impossibility of
protein forming by chance. He also reported on his extensive
investigations into genetic data on hemoglobin (red blood cells).
Hemoglobin has two chains, called alpha and beta. A minimum of 120
mutations would be required to convert alpha to beta. At least 34 of those
changes require changeovers in 2 or 3 nucleotides. Yet, Eden pointed out,
if a single nucleotide change occurs through mutation, the result ruins
the blood and kills the organism! For more on the Wistar Institute, read
the following book: Paul Moorhead and Martin Kaplan (eds.), Mathematical
Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution, Wistar
Institute Monograph No. 5.
Antelope Springs Tracks (1968). Trilobites are small marine
creatures that are now extinct. Evolutionists tell us that trilobites are
one of the most ancient creatures that have ever lived on Planet Earth,
and they lived millions of years before there were human beings. William
J. Meister, Sr., a non-Christian evolutionist, made a hobby of searching
for trilobite fossils in the mountains of Utah. On June 1, 1968, he found
a human footprint and trilobites in the same rock, and the footprint was
stepping on some of the trilobites! The location was Antelope Springs,
about 43 miles [69 km] northwest of Delta, Utah.
Then, breaking off a large, two-inch thick piece of rock, he hit it on
edge with a hammer, and it fell open in his hands. To his great
astonishment, he found on one side the footprint of a human being, with
trilobites right in the footprint itself! The other half of the rock slab
showed an almost perfect mold of a footprint and fossils. Amazingly, the
human was wearing a sandal! To make a longer story short, the find was
confirmed when scientists came and found more sandaled footprints. Meister
was so stunned that he became a Christian. This was Cambrian strata, the
lowest level of strata in the world; yet it had sandaled human footprints!
("Discovery of Trilobite Fossils in Shod Footprint of Human in ‘Trilobite
Beds,’ a Cambrian Formation, Antelope, Springs, Utah," in Why Not
Creation? 1970, p. 190).
The Alpbach Institute Symposium (1969). A follow-up meeting of
scientists was held and given the title, "Beyond Reductionism." But it
only resulted in fruitless discussions by scientists who had carefully
researched the problems, with men who were desperately trying to defend
evolutionary theories, against an ever-growing mountain of evidence to the
contrary.
Bone Inventory (1971). A complete listing of all the
Australopithecine finds, up to the end of 1971, was printed in a new book.
This included all the African bones of our "half-ape, half-human
ancestors" (Time-Life, The Missing Link, Vol. 2). Although over 1400
specimens are described, most are little more than scraps of bone or
isolated teeth. Not one complete skeleton of one individual exists. When
parts of bones are found, they, of course, can be moved into various
positions and be interpreted as belonging to different creatures with very
different skull and jaw shapes. To this day, there is no real evidence of
any genuine non-human ancestor of ours.
Matthews Attacks Darwinism (1971). By the latter part of the 20th
century, even though the ignorant public continued to be told that
evolution was a triumphant, proven success, it was difficult to find any
scientist who would defend Darwin’s theories before his peers. L. Harrison
Matthews, another distinguished scientist, was asked to write a new
introduction to Darwin’s Origin of the Species, to replace Thompson’s 1956
Introduction which scathingly attacked Darwinism. In his Introduction,
Matthews said that Thompson’s attacks on Darwin were "unanswerable." Then
Matthews proceeded to add more damaging facts (L. Harrison Matthews,
Introduction to Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, 1971 edition). The
evolutionary theory must have run into hard times, when book publishers
cannot find a reputable scientist who is appreciative either of its basic
teachings or its founder.
Nice Symposium (1972). By the early 1970s, not only were biological
evolutioni sts in
turmoil, but cosmologists (astronomical evolutionists) were also. The Nice
Symposium met in April 1972, to summarize what had been accomplished and
list what was still unknown. The unanswered questions included just about
every aspect of evolution in outer space! How did hydrogen clouds form
themselves into stars? How did linear momentum from the theorized Big Bang
change itself into angular momentum--and begin circling. How did the
planets and moons form? The entire list is mind-boggling. After all these
years, the astronomers still do not have answers to any of the basic
evolutionary problems (Review of the Nice Symposium, in R.E. Kofahl and
K.L. Segraves, The Creation Explanation, pp. 141-143).
Institute for Creation Research (1972). Henry Morris and associates
founded the Institute for Creation Research (ICR) this year. It has since
become a leading anti-evolution organization in the world and is located
in El Cajon, California.
Return of the Hopeful Monster (1972). Stephen Jay Gould, a highly
respected paleontologist at Harvard; Niles Eldredge, the head
paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City;
and Steven M. Stanley, of Johns Hopkins University, have led out in
resuscitating Richard Goldschmidt’s "hopeful monster" theory--and
demanding that the community of evolutionary scientists consider it as the
only possible mechanism for trans-species changeovers.
It was first revived in a cautious science paper presented by Gould and
Eldredge in 1972 ("Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic
Gradualism," 1972), but it was not until 1977 that an article by Gould
brought it back to center stage ("Return of the Hopeful Monsters," in
Natural History, June-July, 1977). The increasing despondency among
evolutionists, over their inability to use natural selection or mutations,
to provide even the slightest evidence of cross-species evolution,
eventually led large numbers of scientists, in the 1980s, to switch over
to this astoundingly ridiculous concept that millions of beneficial
mutations occur once every 50,000 years to two creatures, a male and
female who are living near each other--thus producing a new species pair!
Poll of Citizens and Parents (1973). A survey of 1346 homes found
that 89% said creation should be taught in the public schools. In a
separate poll of 1995 homes, 84% said scientific evidence for creation
should be presented along with evolution ("A Comparison of Students
Studying . . Two Models," in Decade of Creation, 1981, pp. 55-56).
Dudley’s Radiodating Research (1975). Radiodating of the
sedimentary rocks, based on uranium, thorium, and other chains, had become
relied on heavily to provide the "millions of years" dates. But a broad
variety of research data repeatedly demonstrated that these methods are
extremely unreliable (much more on this in chapter 6, Inaccurate Dating
Methods). H.C. Dudley, one of these researchers, found that using
pressure, temperature, electric and magnetic fields, stress in
monomolecular layers, etc., he could change the decay rates of 14
different radioisotopes. The implications of this are astounding. The
strata were laid down under great pressure, and samples would vary widely
to temperature and other changes. Such discoveries, along with the fact
that the dates never agree with one another, greatly reduce the value of
radiodating uranium, thorium, and other rocks (H.C. Dudley, "Radioactivity
Re-Examined," in Chemical and Engineering News, April 7, 1975, p. 2).
Leakey’s Footprints (1977). Throughout the 20th century, human
footprints have been found in supposedly ancient rock, sometimes with
dinosaur prints. In approximately 1977, Mary Leaky found at Laetoli in
Africa, 30 miles [48 km] south of Olduvai Gorge, human footprints which,
by the strata they are on, evolutionists date at nearly 4 million years in
the past. Yet they are identical to modern human footprints. These and
other footprints disprove evolutionary theories, especially those in which
dinosaur prints are found with human footprints. Dinosaurs are said to be
dated from 65 million to 135 million years ago; whereas man is said to
have appeared far more recently (National Geographic, April 1979; Science
News, February 9, 1980).
Plesiosaur Discovered (1977). Scientists have wondered for decades
 whether an "extinct"
dinosaur would ever be found alive. Then, in April 1977, a Japanese
fishing vessel caught a 4000 pound [1814 kg], 10 meter [33 yd] creature in
its nets off the east coast of New Zealand. A qualified zoologist was on
board and photographed and examined it carefully and confirmed that,
indeed, it was a plesiosaur, a sea-dwelling dinosaur which supposedly had
been dead for 100 million years! They were so thrilled, that they
published scientific papers on it and issued a postage stamp! But,
recognizing that the creature would disprove their fossil/strata theory,
Western scientists said it must have been a sea lion! There was an almost
total news blackout on this in the West, with the exception of a few
publications (New York Times, July 24, 1977; Nature, July 28, 1977).
Chinese Characters Explained (1979). Chinese is one of the most
ancient written languages in existence. Each Chinese character is a
combination of several different words. C.H. Kang and Ethel R. Nelson did
extensive research into Chinese words and discovered the characters
contain the story of Creation, the Garden of Eden, the fall of Adam and
Eve, and the Flood story. For example, the word, "boat," is made up of two
words: vessel and eight (Genesis 7:7, 13:8:13). Tempter is devil, cover,
and tree (Genesis 3:1-6). (C.H. Kang and Ethel R. Nelson, The Discovery of
Genesis: How the Truths of Genesis Were Found Hidden in the Chinese
Language, 1979).
Poll of University Students (1979). A poll of students at Bowling
Green State University, Ohio, found a clear majority of both undergraduate
and graduate students taking biology classes favored the teaching of both
creation and evolution in the schools. Undergraduate students: 91%,
graduate students: 71.8% (Jerry Bergman, "Attitude of University Students
toward the Teaching of Creation and Evolution in the Schools, Origins,
Vol. 6, 1979, pp. 64-66).
Polystrate Mystery Solved (1980). Upright (polystrate) tree trunks,
10-30 ft [31-95 dm] in length, have often been found in coal beds. Yet the
coal beds were supposed to have been laid down over millions of years. Why
are vertical tree trunks in them? Just after the Mount St. Helens
explosion in May 1980, analysis of nearby Spirit Lake revealed many
vertical, floating tree trunks in it. During the Flood, such tree trunks
could easily have quickly been surrounded by sediments and buried (Edward
L. Hold, "Upright Trunks of Neocalamites form the Upper Triassic," Journal
of Geology, 55:511-513, 1947; Steven A. Austin, "Mount St. Helens and
Catastrophism," in Impact, July 1986, pp. 1-3).
Sunderland Interviews the Experts (1980-1981). Over a one-year
period, and with their permission, Luther Sunderland tape-recorded
interviews with three of the most important paleontologists in the world,
who are in charge of at least 50 percent of the major fossil collections
on the planet, covering every basic fossil discovery in the past 150
years. He found that not one of them could name a single missing link, a
halfway species between our regular species (L.D. Sunderland, Darwin’s
Enigma, p. 89). There are no transitional forms.
Chicago Evolution Conference (1980). While the newspapers, popular
magazines, and school textbooks emblazoned evolutionary theory as being
essentially proven scientifically in so many ways, the evolutionary
scientists were discouraged. They knew the truth. The Switzerland, Wistar,
and Alpbach meetings had clearly shown them theirs was a losing cause.
However, in yet another futile effort, in October 1980, 160 of the world’s
leading evolutionary scientists met again, this time at the University of
Chicago. In brief, it was a verbal explosion. Facts opposing evolution
were presented, and angry retorts and insults were hurled in return. The
following month, Newsweek (November 3, 1980) reported that a large
majority of evolutionists at the conference agreed that the neo-Darwinian
mechanism (of mutations working with natural selection) could no longer be
regarded as scientifically valid or tenable. Neither the origin nor
diversity of living creatures could be explained by evolutionary theory
(Roger Lewin, "Evolutionary Theory Under Fire," in Science, November 21,
1980; G.R. Taylor, Great Evolution Mystery, 1983, p. 55). Why is the
public still told that evolution is essentially proven and all the
scientists believe it,--when both statements are far from the truth?
New York City Evolution Conference (1981). The following year,
another important meeting was held, this one at the American Museum of
Natural History in New York City. Colin Patterson, senior paleontologist
at the British Museum of Natural History, read a paper in which he
declared that evolution was "positively anti-knowledge" and added, "All my
life I had been duped into taking evolution as revealed truth." Yet
Patterson is in charge of millions of fossil samples, and he is
well-acquainted with the collection. Commenting on the crisis, another
scientist, Michael Ruse, wrote that the increasing number of critics
included many with "the highest intellectual credentials" (Michael Ruse,
"Darwin’s Theory: An Exercise in Science," in New Scientist, June 25,
1981, p. 828).
Panspermia (1981). Amid the cries of desperation and despair,
arising from evolutionary scientists, one of the most famous scientists of
the 20th century, a Nobel Prize winner, came up with a new theory. In
1981, Francis Crick, the co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA
molecule, published a book, declaring that "directed panspermia" was
responsible for life on earth. According to this theory, people from
another planet sent a rocket down here, with living creatures on it, in
order to populate our planet! Crick admits that this does not explain how
nearly all our plant and animal species came into existence. Nor does it
explain the transportation problem. Centuries of travel through the cold
of outer space would be required. This theory is a desperate, gasping
effort to provide a solution to the question of how living creatures
originated, a puzzle which thousands of scientists in 150 years of
diligent work have not been able to solve. Very few intellectuals have
accepted panspermia.
Cambridge Evolution Conference (1984). Desperate for a solution, at
a 1984 seminar held at Cambridge University, Stephen Gould’s "hopeful
monster" theory was discussed (the wild idea that a lizard laid an egg,
one day, and a bird hatched). Karl Popper’s theory of science was also
discussed. Popper is the leading expert on the philosophy of science. His
position is that a theory must be testable. Evolution, of course, does not
meet the test.
Second Mechanism Changeover (1980s). The utterly unscientific
"hopeless monster" theory, which Richard Goldschmidt’s proposed in the
1930s, totally astounded the evolutionary world. Yet, as the years passed
and a great mountain of evidence surfaced against both natural selection
and mutations as mechanisms of cross-species change, the experts felt
desperate. --There was nothing left but the theory of sudden, miraculous
"million mutation," beneficial changes once every 50,000 years, which
Gould, Stanley, and their associates were increasingly urging. Just as
astronomers had, in desperation, accepted the ridiculous Big Bang
explosion theory 20 years before as the cause of a universe of orderly
galactic systems, so the biological evolutionists now went farther out on
their own evolutionary limb. Geneticists, biologists, and paleontologists
recognized that the evolution of one species out of another was impossible
otherwise. Evolutionists, feeling hopeless, returned to the hopeful
monster.
Answers in Genesis (1980s). Ken Ham started Answers in Genesis, a
creationist organization now located in Florence, Kentucky. It has rapidly
become a powerful voice in unveiling evolutionary errors in meetings on
college and university campuses and elsewhere. For every one creationist
organization now in operation, there ought to be a hundred.
Halton C. Arp Eliminated (1983). A leading astronomer and president
of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in the early 1980s, Arp carried
on research for over 30 years, including extensive research time at
Palomar and Mount Wilson Observatories. He studied over 260 galaxies in
more than 80 groups and tabulated 24 main galaxies and 38 discordant
redshift companions, plus much more. All of this refutes the speed theory
of redshift which, along with background radiation, was the crutch that
evolutionists leaned on to defend the Big Bang (Halton Arp, Quasars,
Redshifts and Controversies, 1987, p. 5, plus many scientific articles).
Threatened with disbarment from U.S. observatories, if he did not stop
tearing down one of the two Big Bang pillars, he refused. A few eminent
astronomers, including the renowned astrophysicist, Geoffrey Burbidge,
made impassioned pleas for everyone to keep an open mind, but to no avail.
In 1983, Caltech’s telescope allocation committee decided that Arp’s line
of research was not worthy of support and he was to receive no more time
for his work at the telescopes of the Mount Wilson and Palomar
observatories. Refusing to switch over to politically acceptable studies,
he left Caltech for a position at the Max Planck Institute in Munich,
where he continued to pursue his ideas. Referring to his abrupt and
ignoble ouster, Burbidge later wrote, ‘No responsible scientist I know,
including many astronomers who were strongly opposed to Arp’s thesis,
believes justice was served’ " (Time-Life, Cosmic Mysteries (1990), pp.
67-68).
Orce Man Debunked (1984). Thrilling news! At last one of our
half-ape ancestors had been found in the Andalusia region of Spain.
Certified as the "oldest man in Europe" by a distinguished team of
paleontologists, it made the headlines as invitations were mailed to
scientists throughout the continent to attend a meeting, where they could
deliver learned papers about the matter.
But then scientists in Paris discovered that it was a skull fragment of a
four-month-old donkey. Spanish officials had to quickly mail 500 letters
canceling the meeting ("Ass Taken for Man," London Daily Telegraph, May
14, 1984).
Archaeopteryx Debunked (1985). Although no cross-species (half of
one species and half of another) had ever been found, something close to
it had been discovered. As mentioned earlier, in 1861 a fossilized feather
was found in the limestone deposits in Solnhofen, Germany (near Eichstatt).
It was considered valuable since it reportedly came from the late Jurassic
strata--and there were not supposed to be any birds back then. Soon
another fossil was offered for sale (always from the owners of the same
quarry). It was a bird with feathers, with the head and neck missing. The
British Museum paid a lot for it. So, in 1877, another bird with feathers
was offered for sale – and this one looked like it might have the head of
a small dinosaur!
In 1985, six leading scientists, including Fred Hoyle, examined the fossil
– and found it to be a hoax.
Arkansas Creation Trial (1981). In December 1981, at the Federal
District Court in Little Rock, Arkansas, Judge William Overton presided
over a trial to decide whether the State of Arkansas could place concepts
about creation in public school textbooks. The courtroom of 200 was packed
with reporters. The ACLU had over 50 lawyers and paralegals working on the
case. In contrast, the Arkansas Attorney General’s office could only
commit three of its attorneys to the case. One ACLU witness, Francisco J.
Ayala, testified that the origin of living creatures from dirt and water,
though it occurred, was not part of evolution! That nicely took that
evolutionary puzzle out of the court trial. At any rate, on the basis of a
variety of dodges and misstatements by the plaintiffs, the judge ruled
against Arkansas State. It is a known fact that the ACLU has advised every
state legislature, considering enactment of a law permitting equal time
for both views, that the ACLU will give them another full-blown "monkey
trial," as they did at Dayton, Tennessee in 1925. The evolutionists never
defend their position with scientific facts, for they do not have any.
Instead, they use ridicule and lawsuits (Norman Geisler, The Creator and
the Courtroom, 1982; Robert Gentry, Creation’s Tiny Mystery, 1986).
Radioactive Halos Disprove Molten Earth Theory (1986). Robert V.
Gentry carried on research into radiohalos in granite for years, but was
discharged from Oak Ridge Research Laboratory in 1982 because he testified
in defense of Arkansas State at the above-mentioned trial. He then put his
years of research findings and professional articles into a book
(Creation’s Tiny Mystery, 1986). In brief, billions upon billions of
polonium 218 radiohalos are in granite, yet each halo was formed in less
than 3 minutes. There is no way the halos could get in there after the
granite was formed, yet the granite had to be solid when the halos formed.
This means the granite was created solid in less than three minutes! Since
granite is the basement rock under every continent, it would be impossible
for the earth to once have been a molten mass as conjectured by the
evolutionists. Interestingly enough, granite can be melted; but it will
reform into rhyolite, never into granite.
Poll of Biology Teachers (1988). A survey, conducted by the
University of Texas, found that 30% of 400 high- school biology teachers
believe in Biblical creation and only 19% believe in evolution (Waco
Tribune-Herald, September 11, 1988).
Creation Science Evangelism (1989). Believing that there was more
than enough evidence to thoroughly rid our nation's schools of evolution,
Dr. Kent Hovind started Creation Science Evangelism with three goals in
mind: (1) Win the lost for Christ through creation, (2) Strengthen the
faith of believers by teaching how true science does not contradict the
Bible, and (3) Motivate people to spread God's Truth.
Chernobyl (1990) is another evolutionist’s paradise. Since
mutations are today thought to be the leading mechanism for achieving
evolutionary change for the better, the intense radiation which the people
received on April 27, 1990, should have brought them great benefit because
of all the mutations it induced. They should be stronger, healthier, have
improved organs, and produce children which are higher forms of life. But
this has not happened. Scientists know that even Marie Curie and her
daughter died as a result of working with radiation. Mutations result in
harm and death, never in evolutionary change (Isaac Asimov, Asimov’s New
Guide to Science, 1984, pp. 691-692).
History of Evolution Part 1 |
History of Evolution Part 2
Overview
of Evolution |
